軌是支撐被加工零件，并使其按規(guī)定方向運(yùn)動(dòng)的部件。導(dǎo)軌的導(dǎo)向誤差會(huì)直接 影響運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡，終導(dǎo)致工件產(chǎn)生加工誤差。導(dǎo)軌的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是靜導(dǎo)軌（導(dǎo)軌）和動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌（滑塊），導(dǎo)軌起支撐作用，滑塊連 接運(yùn)動(dòng)件，沿導(dǎo)軌作直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。根據(jù)導(dǎo)軌和滑塊的接觸結(jié)構(gòu)，可分為滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌、 滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌和液體靜壓導(dǎo)軌。

A rail is a component that supports the processed part and causes it to move in a specified direction. The guiding error of the guide rail will directly affect the motion trajectory, ultimately leading to machining errors in the workpiece. The basic structure of a guide rail is a static guide rail (guide rail) and a moving guide rail (slider). The guide rail plays a supporting role, and the slider is connected to the moving parts and moves in a straight line along the guide rail. According to the contact structure between the guide rail and slider, it can be divided into sliding guide rail, rolling guide rail, and hydrostatic guide rail.

（1）滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌，又稱硬軌，是指工作面之間通過滑動(dòng)摩擦運(yùn)動(dòng)的導(dǎo)軌；具有結(jié) 構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、剛度好，承載能力強(qiáng)、抗震性強(qiáng)、易維修等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，缺點(diǎn)是摩擦系數(shù)較大；適用于低精度重切削；

(1) Sliding guide rail, also known as hard rail, refers to the guide rail that moves between working surfaces through sliding friction; It has the advantages of simple structure, good stiffness, strong load-bearing capacity, strong seismic resistance, and easy maintenance, but the disadvantage is that the friction coefficient is relatively high; Suitable for low precision heavy cutting;

（2）滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌，又稱線軌，是指在工作面之間安裝滾動(dòng)體（滾珠、滾柱和滾針） 的導(dǎo)軌；具有摩擦系數(shù)小、響應(yīng)速度快、運(yùn)行速度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，缺點(diǎn)是剛度、穩(wěn)定 性和抗震性不及滑動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌，承載小，維修性差；適用于高精度、高速輕加工；

(2) Rolling guide rail, also known as line rail, refers to a guide rail that installs rolling elements (balls, rollers, and needles) between working surfaces; It has the advantages of low friction coefficient, fast response speed, and high operating speed, but the disadvantage is that its stiffness, stability, and seismic resistance are not as good as those of sliding guides, with low load-bearing capacity and poor maintainability; Suitable for high-precision, high-speed light processing;

（3）液體靜壓導(dǎo)軌是指在工作面之間通入壓力油，使運(yùn)動(dòng)件浮起，油壓能隨著 外加負(fù)載的變化而自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)，以保證工作面間始終處于純液體的摩擦狀態(tài)，同時(shí) 采用直線電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，光柵尺為位置反饋系統(tǒng)，形成系統(tǒng)的全閉環(huán)控制；摩擦系數(shù) 極小，但是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，制造成本高，實(shí)際應(yīng)用較少。

(3) Liquid static pressure guide rail refers to the process of introducing pressure oil between working surfaces, causing the moving parts to float. The oil pressure can be automatically adjusted with changes in the applied load to ensure that the working surfaces are always in a pure liquid friction state. At the same time, it is driven by a linear motor and a grating ruler is used as a position feedback system, forming a full closed-loop control system; The friction coefficient is extremely small, but the structure is complex, the manufacturing cost is high, and there are few practical applications.

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