在精密傳動領域，絲杠作為核心執(zhí)行元件，其動態(tài)扭矩特性直接影響機械系統(tǒng)的響應精度與壽命。動態(tài)扭矩測量不僅是設備調試的必經環(huán)節(jié)，更是揭示傳動系統(tǒng)真實工作狀態(tài)的關鍵窗口。本文將從技術本質出發(fā)，系統(tǒng)闡述絲杠動態(tài)扭矩的測量原理與實現路徑。

　　In the field of precision transmission, the screw serves as the core actuator, and its dynamic torque characteristics directly affect the response accuracy and lifespan of the mechanical system. Dynamic torque measurement is not only a necessary step in equipment debugging, but also a key window to reveal the true working status of the transmission system. This article will start from the essence of technology and systematically explain the measurement principle and implementation path of dynamic torque of screw.

　　動態(tài)扭矩的技術內涵

　　The technical connotation of dynamic torque

　　絲杠動態(tài)扭矩指其在旋轉過程中實時變化的扭矩值，包含啟動扭矩、運行扭矩、摩擦扭矩等多維參數。這些參數構成傳動系統(tǒng)的“扭矩指紋”，直接反映絲杠副的預緊狀態(tài)、潤滑條件及磨損程度。例如，當動態(tài)扭矩波動超過±5%時，可能預示著滾道磨損或潤滑失效。

　　The dynamic torque of a screw refers to the real-time torque value that changes during its rotation, including multidimensional parameters such as starting torque, operating torque, and friction torque. These parameters constitute the "torque fingerprint" of the transmission system, directly reflecting the pre tightening state, lubrication conditions, and wear degree of the screw pair. For example, when the dynamic torque fluctuation exceeds ± 5%, it may indicate raceway wear or lubrication failure.

　　測量原理與實現路徑

　　Measurement principle and implementation path

　　應變式測量技術

　　Strain gauge measurement technology

　　在絲杠軸向特定位置粘貼電阻應變片，通過惠斯通電橋將機械變形轉化為電信號。四片全橋接法可軸向力干擾，使扭矩測量靈敏度達到0.1%級。為應對高速旋轉工況，需采用無線遙測技術，通過旋轉耦合器實現信號非接觸傳輸，采樣頻率可達10kHz。

　　Stick resistance strain gauges at specific positions along the screw axis, and convert mechanical deformation into electrical signals through a Wheatstone bridge. The four piece full bridge method can eliminate axial force interference and achieve a torque measurement sensitivity of 0.1%. To cope with high-speed rotating conditions, wireless telemetry technology is required to achieve non-contact signal transmission through a rotary coupler, with a sampling frequency of up to 10kHz.

　　磁電式非接觸測量

　　Magnetic electric non-contact measurement

　　基于磁彈效應原理，在絲杠表面加工微米級應力感應槽，當扭矩作用時，磁導率變化引起感應線圈電感量改變。該技術突破接觸式測量的轉速限制，可在3000rpm工況下穩(wěn)定工作，測量帶寬覆蓋DC-2000Hz。

　　Based on the principle of magnetoelastic effect, micro scale stress induction grooves are machined on the surface of the screw. When torque is applied, the change in magnetic permeability causes a change in the inductance of the induction coil. This technology breaks through the speed limit of contact measurement and can work stably at 3000rpm, with a measurement bandwidth covering DC-2000Hz.

　　激光多普勒測扭法

　　Laser Doppler torsion measurement method

　　通過激光干涉儀監(jiān)測絲杠表面特定點的微位移，利用空間相位差解算扭矩值。該技術空間分辨率達微米級，特別適用于納米級精度要求的超精密絲杠檢測，但需在恒溫恒濕環(huán)境下使用。

　　Monitor the micro displacement of specific points on the surface of the screw using a laser interferometer, and calculate the torque value using spatial phase difference. This technology has a spatial resolution of micrometers and is particularly suitable for ultra precision screw detection with nanometer level accuracy requirements, but it needs to be used in a constant temperature and humidity environment.

　　測量系統(tǒng)的核心組件

　　The core components of the measurement system

　　高精度扭矩傳感器

　　High precision torque sensor

　　量程選擇需覆蓋額定扭矩的120%-150%，非線性度≤0.05%FS。對于動態(tài)測量，需關注傳感器固有頻率，應大于被測信號頻率的3倍以上，避免諧振失真。

　　The range selection should cover 120% -150% of the rated torque, with a nonlinearity of ≤ 0.05% FS. For dynamic measurement, special attention should be paid to the natural frequency of the sensor, which should be greater than three times the highest frequency of the measured signal to avoid resonance distortion.

　　數據采集單元

　　Data collection unit

　　采用24位Δ-Σ型ADC，配合抗混疊濾波器，確保信號保真度。對于突發(fā)扭矩沖擊，需配置瞬態(tài)記錄功能，采樣深度不低于16MS/s。

　　Using a 24 bit Δ - ∑ type ADC, combined with an anti aliasing filter, to ensure signal fidelity. For sudden torque impact, a transient recording function should be configured with a sampling depth of not less than 16MS/s.

　　環(huán)境干擾抑制

　　Environmental interference suppression

　　通過電磁屏蔽艙隔離工頻干擾，溫度補償模塊實時修正熱漂移。對于振動敏感場景，采用空氣彈簧隔振平臺，使環(huán)境振動加速度≤0.05g。

　　Isolation of power frequency interference through electromagnetic shielding cabin, and real-time correction of thermal drift by temperature compensation module. For vibration sensitive scenarios, an air spring isolation platform is used to ensure that the environmental vibration acceleration is ≤ 0.05g.

　　測量數據的深度解析

　　Deep analysis of measurement data

　　采集的扭矩曲線需進行時頻聯合分析。時域分析關注平均扭矩、扭矩波動系數等參數；頻域分析通過FFT變換揭示0-1000Hz頻段內的特征頻率成分。當出現100Hz倍頻成分時，可能源于絲杠螺母副的周期性接觸變形。

　　The collected torque curve needs to undergo time-frequency joint analysis. Time domain analysis focuses on parameters such as average torque and torque fluctuation coefficient; Frequency domain analysis reveals characteristic frequency components within the 0-1000Hz frequency range through FFT transformation. When a 100Hz harmonic component appears, it may be due to periodic contact deformation of the screw nut pair.

　　動態(tài)扭矩測量本質是揭示傳動系統(tǒng)的力學語言。通過高精度測量與深度數據分析，可建立絲杠的數字孿生模型，為傳動設計優(yōu)化、剩余壽命預測提供數據支撐。這種技術能力正在推動精密制造裝備向更智能、更可靠的方向演進。

　　The essence of dynamic torque measurement is to reveal the mechanical language of the transmission system. Through high-precision measurement and depth data analysis, a digital twin model of the screw can be established to provide data support for transmission design optimization and remaining life prediction. This technological capability is driving the evolution of precision manufacturing equipment towards smarter and more reliable directions.

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